Villavec en 17:35 19 may 2011

2011-05-19T17:35:56Z

Villavec: Página creada con 'El '''saneamiento es el medio higiénico de promoción de la salud a través de prevención de contacto humano con las amenazas de los desechos. Las amenaza…'

2011-05-18T22:34:46Z

Página creada con 'El '''saneamiento es el medio higiénico de promoción de la salud a través de prevención de contacto humano con las amenazas de los desechos. Las amenaza…'

Página nueva

El '''saneamiento es el medio [[higiénico]] de [[promoción de la salud]] a través de [[prevención]] de contacto humano con las [[amenazas]] de los [[desechos]]. Las amenazas pueden ser las agentes de [[enfermedad]] tanto físico, microbiológico, biológico o químico. Los desechos que causan problemas de salud son feces humano y animal, desechos sólidos, aguas negras, y polución industrial y agrícola. Los medios higiénicos de prevención pueden incluir soluciones de ingeniería (e.g., [[alcantarillado]] y [[tratamiento de aguas negras]]), tecnologías sencillas (e.g., [[latrinas]], [[tanques sépticas]]) o incluso prácticas de higiéne personal (e.g., lavando las manos con jabón).

==General==
La [[Organización Mundial de Salud]] se ha dicho que:
{{quote|"Saneamiento generalmente hace referencia a la provisión de instalaciones y servicios para el desecho seguro de orines y desechos humanos. Un saneamiento inadecuado es una causa principal de enfermedad alrededor del mundo y mejorar el saneamiento se sabe que tiene un impacto benéfico significativo tanto entre hogares y comunidades. La palabra 'saneamiento' también hace referencia al mantenimiento de condiciones higiénicas, a través de servicios tales como recolección de basuras y manejo de aguas negras.<ref>http://www.who.int/topics/sanitation/es/</ref>}}

El termino "'''saneamiento'''" puede ser aplicado a un aspecto, concepto, ubicación o estrategía específico tales como:
*'''Saneamiento básico''' - hace referencia al manejo de excremento humano al nivel hogar. Esta terminología es el indicador utilizado para poder describir el blanco del [[Objetivo del Desarrollo del Milenio]] en saneamiento.
*'''Saneamiento en situ''' - la recolección y tratamiento de desechos se hace en donde se deposita. Ejemplos son de latrinas, tanques sépticos y [[tanques Imhoff]].
*'''Saneamiento de comida''' - se hace referencia a las medidas de higiéne para asegurar la [[seguridad alimentaria]].
*'''Saneamiento ambiental''' - el control de factores medioambientales que forman enlaces en la transmisión de enfermedades. Sub-conjuntos de esta categoría son manejo de desechos sólidos, tratamiento de aguas negras, tratamiento de desechos industriales y control de polución y ruido.
*'''Saneamiento ecológico''' - un enfoque que intenta emular la naturaleza a través del reciclaje de nutrientes y agua de desechos humanos y animales de una manera segura, higiénicamente.

==Wastewater sanitation==
=== Wastewater collection ===
{{Details|Wastewater|date=September 2009}}

The standard sanitation technology in urban areas is the collection of [[wastewater]] in sewers, its treatment in [[Sewage treatment|wastewater treatment plants]] for [[reuse]] or disposal in rivers, lakes or the sea. Sewers are either combined with [[storm drain]]s or separated from them as [[sanitary sewer]]s. [[Combined sewer]]s are usually found in the central, older parts or urban areas. Heavy [[stormwater|rainfall]] and inadequate maintenance can lead to combined sewer overflows or [[sanitary sewer overflow]]s, i.e. more or less diluted raw [[sewage]] being discharged into the environment. Industries often discharge wastewater into municipal sewers, which can complicate wastewater treatment unless industries pre-treat their discharges.<ref>''Environmental [[Biotechnology]]: Advancement in Water And Wastewater Application'', edited by Z. Ujang, IWA Proceedings, [[Malaysia]] (2003)</ref>

The high investment cost of conventional wastewater collection systems are difficult to afford for many [[developing countries]]. Some countries have therefore promoted alternative wastewater collection systems such as condominial sewerage, which uses smaller diameter pipes at lower depth with different network layouts from conventional sewerage.

=== Wastewater treatment ===
{{Details|Sewage treatment}}
[[Image:Wonga wetlands sewage plant.jpg|thumb|[[Sewage treatment]] plant, [[Australia]].]]

In developed countries treatment of municipal wastewater is now widespread,<ref>[http://adminrecords.ucsd.edu/ppm/docs/516-10-6.html Typical U.S. water treatment standards]</ref> but not yet universal (for an overview of technologies see [[wastewater treatment]]). In [[developing countries]] most wastewater is still discharged untreated into the environment. For example, in Latin America only about 15% of collected sewerage is being treated (see [[water and sanitation in Latin America]])

==== Reuse of wastewater ====
The reuse of untreated wastewater in [[Irrigation|irrigated agriculture]] is common in developing countries. The reuse of treated wastewater in landscaping, especially on golf courses, irrigated agriculture and for industrial use is becoming increasingly widespread.

In many suburban and rural areas households are not connected to sewers. They discharge their wastewater into septic tanks or other types of on-site sanitation.

=== Ecological sanitation ===
{{Details|Ecological sanitation}}

[[Ecological sanitation]] is sometimes presented as a radical alternative to conventional sanitation systems. Ecological sanitation is based on [[composting toilet|composting]] or [[vermicomposting]] toilets where an extra separation of urine and feces at the source for sanitization and recycling has been done. It thus eliminates the creation of [[blackwater (waste)|blackwater]] and eliminates fecal pathogens. If ecological sanitation is practiced municipal wastewater consists only of [[greywater]], which can be recycled for gardening. However, in most cases greywater continues to be discharged to sewers.

=== Sanitation and public health ===
The importance of the isolation of waste lies in an effort to prevent [[water disease|water and sanitation related disease]]s, which afflict both [[developed countries]] as well as [[developing countries]] to differing degrees. It is estimated that up to 5 million people die each year from preventable water-borne disease,<ref>[http://www.pacinst.org/reports/water_related_deaths/water_related_deaths_report.pdf Pacific Institute]</ref> as a result of inadequate sanitation and hygiene practices. The affects of sanitation have also had a large impact on society. The results of studies published in ''Griffins Public Sanitation'' show that better sanitation produces an enhanced feeling of wellbeing.

=== Global access to improved sanitation ===
The Joint Monitoring Program for water and sanitation of [[WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] has defined improved sanitation as

* connection to a public [[sanitary sewer|sewer]]
* connection to a [[septic system]]
* [[pour]]-[[flush toilet|flush]] [[latrine]]
* simple pit latrine
* ventilated improved pit latrine <ref>[http://www.wssinfo.org/en/122_definitions.html The Joint Monitoring Programme of WHO and UNICEF:definitions]</ref>

According to that definition, 62% of the world's population has access to improved sanitation in 2008, up by 8% since 1990.<ref> [http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/jmp2008.pdf WHO]</ref> Only slightly more than half of them or 31% of the world population lived in houses connected to a sewer. Overall, 2.5 billion people lack access to improved sanitation and thus must resort to open defecation or other unsanitary forms of defecation, such as public latrines or open pit latrines.<ref>[http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/world/sanitation-and-drinking-water/ ''Sanitation and drinking water: is the world on track?'' Circle of Blue, July 31, 2008]</ref> This includes 1.2 billion people who have access to no facilities at all.<ref name="who.int">[http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/jmp2008.pdf World Health Organization and UNICEF. Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: Special Focus on Sanitation.]</ref> This outcome presents substantial public health risks as the waste could contaminate [[drinking water]] and cause life threatening forms of [[diarrhea]] to infants. Improved sanitation, including [[hand washing]] and water purification, could save the lives of 1.5 million children who die from diarrheal diseases each year.<ref name="who.int"/>

In developed countries, where less than 20% of the world population lives, 99% of the population has access to improved sanitation and 81% were connected to sewers.

==Solid waste disposal==
{{Details|Waste management}}
[[Image:Israel hiriya.jpg|thumb|[[Hiriya|Hiriya Landfill]], [[Israel]].]]
Disposal of [[solid waste]] is most commonly conducted in [[landfill]]s, but incineration, [[recycling]], [[compost]]ing and conversion to [[biofuel]]s are also avenues. In the case of landfills, [[advanced countries]] typically have rigid protocols for [[daily cover]] with topsoil, where [[underdeveloped countries]] customarily rely upon less stringent protocols.<ref>George Tchobanoglous and Frank Kreith ''Handbook of Solid Waste Management'', McGraw Hill (2002)</ref> The importance of daily cover lies in the reduction of vector contact and spreading of [[pathogen]]s. Daily cover also minimises odor emissions and reduces windblown litter. Likewise, developed countries typically have requirements for perimeter sealing of the landfill with clay-type soils to minimize migration of [[leachate]] that could contaminate [[groundwater]] (and hence jeopardize some [[drinking water]] supplies).

For incineration options, the release of [[air pollutant]]s, including certain [[toxic]] components is an attendant adverse outcome. Recycling and biofuel conversion are the [[sustainable]] options that generally have superior life cycle costs, particularly when total [[ecological]] consequences are considered.<ref>William D. Robinson, ''The Solid Waste [[Handbook]]: A Practical Guide'', John Wiley and sons (1986)</ref> Composting value will ultimately be limited by the market demand for compost product.


== Sanitation in the developing world ==
The [[United Nations]] [[Millennium Development Goals]] (MDGs) include a target to reduce by half the proportion of people without access to basic sanitation by 2015. In December 2006, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] declared 2008 'The International Year of Sanitation', in recognition of the slow progress being made towards the MDGs sanitation target.<ref name="Kurian and McCarney">{{cite web|url=http://www.springer.com/978-90-481-9424-7|title=Peri-urban Water and Sanitation Services | year=2010 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]}}</ref> The year aims to develop awareness and action to meet the target. Particular concerns are:
* Removing the stigma around sanitation, so that the importance of sanitation can be more easily and publicly discussed.
* Highlighting the [[poverty reduction]], [[health]] and other benefits that flow from better hygiene, household sanitation arrangements and wastewater treatment.

Research from the [[Overseas Development Institute]] suggests that sanitation and hygiene promotion needs to be better 'mainstreamed' in development, if the MDG on sanitation is to be met. At present, promotion of sanitation and hygiene is mainly carried out through water institutions. The research argues that there are, in fact, many institutions that should carry out activities to develop better sanitation and hygiene in developing countries. For example, educational institutions can teach on [[hygiene]], and health institutions can dedicate resources to preventative works (to avoid, for example, outbreaks of [[cholera]]).<ref name="odisanitation">{{cite web |url=http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=48&title=sanitation-hygiene-knocking-doors |format=PDF|title=Sanitation and Hygiene: knocking on new doors |accessdate=2007 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Overseas Development Institute]]}}</ref>

The [[Institute of Development Studies]] (IDS) coordinated research programme on Community-led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is a radically different approach to rural sanitation in developing countries and has shown promising successes where traditional rural sanitation programmes have failed. CLTS is an unsubsidized approach to rural sanitation that facilitates communities to recognize the problem of open defecation and take collective action to clean up and become ‘open defecation free’. It uses community-led methods such as participatory mapping and analysing pathways between feces and mouth as a means of galvanizing communities into action. An IDS 'In Focus' Policy Brief suggests that in many countries the Millennium development goal for sanitation is off track and asks how CLTS can be adopted and spread on a large scale in the many countries and regions where open defecation still prevails.<ref>[http://www.ids.ac.uk/download.cfm?file=IF10.pdf 'Beyond Subsidies - Triggering a Revolution in Rural Sanitation'] Institute of Development Studies (IDS) In Focus Policy Brief 10 July 2009.</ref>

==Sanitation in the food industry==
[[Image:Canteen kitchen.jpg|thumb|220px|Modern [[restaurant]] food preparation area.]]
Sanitation within the food industry means the adequate treatment of food-contact surfaces by a process that is effective in destroying vegetative cells of [[microorganism]]s of [[public health]] significance, and in substantially reducing numbers of other undesirable microorganisms, but without adversely affecting the food or its safety for the consumer ([[U.S. Food and Drug Administration]], [[Code of Federal Regulations]], 21CFR110, USA). [[Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures]] are mandatory for food industries in [[US]], which are regulated by 9 CFR part 416 in conjunction with 21 CFR part 178.1010. Similarly, in Japan, food hygiene has to be achieved through compliance with food sanitation law.<ref name=fslj>{{cite web
| last = [[Japan External Trade Organization]]
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Food Sanitation Law in Japan
| work =
| publisher =
| date =
| url = http://www.jetro.go.jp/en/market/regulations/pdf/food-e.pdf
|format=PDF| doi =
| accessdate = 1 March 2008
}}</ref>

Additionally, in the food and [[biopharmaceutical]] industries, the term sanitary equipment means equipment that is fully cleanable using [[clean-in-place]] (CIP) and sterilization-in-place (SIP) procedures: that is fully drainable from cleaning solutions and other [[liquid]]s. The design should have a minimum amount of deadleg <ref>[http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=JFEGA4000127000001000124000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes Treatment of deadleg plumbing areas]</ref> or areas where the [[turbulence]] during cleaning is insufficient to remove product deposits. In general, to improve cleanability, this equipment is made from [[Stainless Steel]] 316L, (an [[alloy]] containing small amounts of [[molybdenum]]). The surface is usually [[electropolish]]ed to an effective surface roughness of less than 0.5 [[micrometre]] to reduce the possibility of [[bacteria]]l adhesion.

==See also==
{{Div col|cols=2}}
*[[Disinfectant]]
*[[International sanitary conferences]]
*[[Lifewater International]]
*[[Micro credit for water supply and sanitation]]
*[[National Sanitation Foundation]]
*[[Sewage collection and disposal]]
*[[Trap (plumbing)]]
*[[Water and sanitation program]]
*[[Water crisis]]
*[[Water pollution]]
*[[Water supply]]
*[[Water supply and sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa]]
*[[World Plumbing Council]]
*[[World Toilet Organization]]
{{div col end}}

== References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|sanitation}}
*[http://assainissement.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/ Urban Wastewater Treatment in France, MEEDDM]
*[http://www.irc.nl/ IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre, the Hague, the Netherlands]
*[http://www.who.int/topics/sanitation/en/]
*[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTWAT/EXTTOPSANHYG/0,,contentMDK:21147365~menuPK:3748896~pagePK:64168427~piPK:64168435~theSitePK:1923181,00.html Sanitation, Hygiene and Wastewater Resource Guide (World Bank)]
* [http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_sesp/downloads_sesp/compendium_low.pdf Tilley et al.: Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies], [[Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council]] / [[Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology]] (EAWAG), 2008
*[[Central Asia Health Review]] (CAHR). [http://www.cahr.info/index_files/page0015.htm Poor Sanitation Causes Death among Children under Five in Afghanistan]
* [http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/pdfs/report/HDR_2006_Chapter_3.pdf The 2006 UNDP Human Development Report: Beyond scarcity: Power, poverty and the global water crisis - Chapter 3: The vast deficit in sanitation] accessed on August 22, 2007
*[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTWAT/0,,menuPK:337308~pagePK:149018~piPK:149093~theSitePK:337302,00.html Water Supply and Sanitation, World Bank] accessed on August 22, 2007
*[http://www.mohenjodaro.net/tcdraintiles87.html Early urban sanitation in ancient India]
*[http://poopthebook.com/blog/?p=21 Sanitation coverage vs. population growth: an encouraging trend]
*[http://www2.ncsu.edu/ncsu/wrri/reports/srs16.html Daily cover in landfills]
*[http://www.hy2u.org Hy2U innovative handwashing device and campaign]
*[http://www.vimeo.com/3170315 Your Health in Your Hands] UNICEF Documentary narrated by Khaled Abol Naga
*[http://www.pooproductions.org Poo Productions, music and film organization raising awareness about sanitation issues]
*[http://www.akvo.org Akvo.org - The open source for water and sanitation], including the [http://www.akvopedia.org Akvopedia], water and sanitation wiki
*[http://www.communityledtotalsanitation.org/ Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS)]
*[http://www.indiasanitationportal.org/ India's National Level portal on Sanitation]
*[http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&nselm=h&met_y=sh_sta_acsn_ur&hl=en&dl=en Google - public data] "Improved sanitation facilities, urban (% of urban population with access)"

{{public health}}

[[Category:Sanitation| ]]
[[Category:Hygiene]]
[[Category:Public health]]
[[Category:Sewerage]]
[[Category:Millennium Development Goals]]

[[ar:تطهير المياه بالأشعة فوق البنفسجية]]
[[zh-min-nan:Khoân-kèng ūi-seng]]
[[ca:Sanejament urbà]]
[[cs:Asanace]]
[[de:Sanitärtechnik]]
[[es:Saneamiento ambiental]]
[[eo:Salubrigo]]
[[fr:Assainissement]]
[[gl:Saneamento]]
[[id:Sanitasi]]
[[kn:ನಿರ್ಮಲೀಕರಣ]]
[[sw:Usafi wa mazingira]]
[[ms:Sanitasi]]
[[pt:Saneamento]]
[[ru:Санитария]]
[[fi:Sanitaatio]]
[[uk:Санітарія]]

Saneamiento - Historial de revisiones

Villavec en 17:35 19 may 2011

Villavec: Página creada con 'El '''saneamiento es el medio higiénico de promoción de la salud a través de prevención de contacto humano con las amenazas de los desechos. Las amenaza…'