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El termino '''calidad de vida''' se utiliza para evaluar el bienestar general de los individuales y de las sociedades. El termino se utiliza en un amplio rango de contextos, incluyendo los campos de [[desarrollo internacional]], salud y política. La calidad de vida no se debe confundir con el concepto de [[estándar de vida]], cuál se base principalmente en los ingresos. En lugar de esto, indicadores estándares para la calidad de vida incluyen no solamente riqueza y empleo, si no medioambiente, salud física y mental, educación, recreación y tiempo de ocio, y pertenencia social.<ref name="DHG">{{cite book |editor1-first= Derek |editor1-last= Gregory |editor1-link= Derek Gregory |editor2-first= Ron |editor2-last= Johnston |editor3-first= Geraldine |editor3-last= Pratt |editor4-first= Michael |editor4-last= Watts |editor4-link= Michael Watts |editor5-first= Sarah |editor5-last= Whatmore |title=Dictionary of Human Geography |edition=5th |year= 2009 |month= June |publisher= Wiley-Blackwell |location= Oxford |isbn= 978-1-4051-3287-9 |chapter= Quality of Life}}</ref>

Según el economísta ecológico Robert Costanza:
{{quote|''Mientras que la Calidad de Vida ha sido un objetivo explicito o implicito de la política, una definición y medición adecuado ha sido elusivo. Diversos indicadores "objetivos" y "sujetivos" en varias disciplinas y escalas, y trabajo reciente sobre encuestas de bienestar sujetiva y la psicología de la felicidad han reiniciado un interés en el tema.''<ref>[http://sapiens.revues.org/index169.html Costanza, R. ''et. al.'' (2008) “An Integrative Approach to Quality of Life Measurement, Research, and Policy”. ''S.A.P.I.EN.S.'' '''1''' (1) ]</ref>}}

También frecuentemente relacionado son los conceptos tales como la libertad, los [[derechos humanos]] y la felicidad. Sin embargo, dado que la felicidad es sujetiva y dificil de medir, otras mediciones se da prioridad por lo general. También se ha mostrado que la felicidad, tal como se ha podido medir, no necesariamente aumenta correspondiente a la comodidad de los resultados de aumentos en el ingreso. Como resultado, el estándar de vida no se debe tomar como una medición de la felicidad.<ref name="DHG"/><ref>{{cite book |author1-first= Richard |author1-last= Layard |author1-link= Richard Layard, Byron Layard |title=Happiness: Lessons from a New Science |date = 6 April 2006 |publisher= Penguin |location= London |isbn= 978-0141016900}}</ref>

==Desarrollo internacional==
La calidad de vida es un concepto importante en el campo de [[desarrollo internacional]], dado que permite el desarrollo ser analizado de una manera más amplia que el estándar de vida. Entre la teoría de desarrollo, sin embargo, existen varias ideas con respecto a qué constituye un cambio deseable para una sociedad, y las diferentes maneras en que una calidad de vida se define por las instituciones luego forma como estas organizaciones trabajan hacía su mejoría.

Las organizaciones tales como el [[Banco Mundial]], por ejemplo, declaran el objetivo de "trabajar hacía un mundo libre de la pobreza",<ref>{{cite web | title = The World Bank | publisher = The World Bank | year = 2009 | url = http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTABOUTUS/Resources/wbgroupbrochure-en.pdf | accessdate = 2010-11-02}}</ref> con pobreza definida como una falta de necesidades humanas básicas, tales como alimentos, agua, albergue, libertad, acceso a la [[educación]], salud o empleo.<ref>{{cite web | title = Poverty - Overview | publisher = The World Bank | year = 2009 | url = http://go.worldbank.org/RQBDCTUXW0 | accessdate = October 20, 2009}}</ref> En otras palabras, la pobreza está definida como una calidad de vida baja. Utilizando esta definición, el Banco Mundial trabaja hacía mejorar la calidad de vida a través de medios neoliberales, con el objetivo anunciado de bajar la pobreza y ayudar a la gente pagar una mejor calidad de vida.

Otras organizaciones, sin embargo, pueden trabajar hacía una calidad de vida utilizando una definición ligeramente diferente y metodologías sustancialmente diferentes. Muchas [[ONG]] no se enfoquen en reducir pobreza a una escala nacional o internacional, pero en su lugar intentan mejorar la calidad de vida para los individuos o las comunidades. Un ejemplo podría ser ser espónsor a individuos específicos. Aunque muchas organizaciones de este tipo todavía pueden hablar de luchar contra la pobreza, los metodos son obviamente muy diferentes.

Por estas diferencias en la teoría y la práctica de desarrollo, también existe una amplia variedad de mediciones cuantitativas para describir la calidad de vida.

==Medición cuantitativa==
A diferencia del [[PIB per capita]] o [[estándar de vida]], ambos cuales pueden ser medidos en terminos financieros, es más dificil hacer mediciones objetivas o de largo plazo de la calidad de vida experimentada por las naciones u otros grupos de personas. Investigadores han empezado en tiempos recientes distinguir entre dos aspectos del bienestar personal: ''bienestar emocional'', en donde los respondientes están preguntado sobre la calidad de sus experiencias emocionales a diario - la frecuencia e intensidad de sus experiencias de, por ejemplo, alegría, estrés, tristeza, furia y afecto - y ''evaluación de vida'', en donde los respondientes están preguntados sobre su vida en general y evaluarla frente a una escala.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.1011492107}}</ref>

===Índice de Desarrollo Humano===
De pronto la medición de desarrollo internacional más utilizado es el [[Índice de Desarrollo Humano]] (IDH), cual combina mediciones de [[esperanza de vida]], educación y estándar de vida, en un intento de cuantificar las opciones disponibles a los individuos entre una sociedad dada. El IDP se utiliza por parte del [[Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo]] (PNUD) en su [[Informe de Desarrollo Humano]].

===Otras mediciones===
El [[Índice de Calidad de Vida Física]] fue desarrollado por el sociologo Morris David Morris en los años 70, basandose en el [[alfabetismo]] básico, la [[mortalidad infantil]] y la esperanza de vida. Aunque no tan compleja como otras mediciones, y ahora efectivamente reemplazada por el Índice de Desarrollo Humano, éste

The [[Physical Quality of Life Index]] (PQLI) is a measure developed by sociologist Morris David Morris in the 1970s, based on basic literacy, infant mortality, and life expectancy. Although not as complex as other measures, and now essentially replaced by the Human Development Index, the PQLI is notable for Morris's attempt to show a "less fatalistic pessimistic picture" by focussing on three areas where global quality of life was generally improving at the time, and ignoring [[Gross National Product]] and other possible indicators that were not improving.<ref>{{Citation | last = Morris | first = Morris David | title = The Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) | journal = Development Digest | volume = 1 | pages = 95–109 | date = January 1980 | year = 1980 }}</ref>

The [[Happy Planet Index]], introduced in 2006, is unique among quality of life measures in that, in addition to standard determinants of well-being, it uses each country's [[ecological footprint]] as an indicator. As a result, European and North American nations do not dominate this measure. The 2009 list is instead topped by [[Costa Rica]], the [[Dominican Republic]], and [[Jamaica]].<ref>{{cite web | title = The Happy Planet Index 2.0 | publisher = New Economics Foundation | year = 2009 | url = http://www.happyplanetindex.org/ | accessdate = October 14, 2009}}</ref>

[[The Gallup Organization|Gallup research]]ers trying to find the world's [[happiness|happiest]] countries found [[Denmark]] to be at the top of the list.[http://www.forbes.com/2010/07/14/world-happiest-countries-lifestyle-realestate-gallup-table.html?partner=popstories]

A 2010 study by two [[Princeton University]] professors looked at 1,000 randomly selected U.S. residents over an extended period. It concludes that their ''life evaluations'' - that is, their considered evaluations of their life against a stated scale of one to ten - rise steadily with income. On the other hand, their reported quality of ''emotional daily experiences'' (their reported experiences of [[joy]], [[affection]], [[Stress (biology)|stress]], [[sadness]], or [[anger]]) levels off after a certain income level (approximately $75,000 per year); income above $75,000 does not lead to more experiences of happiness nor to further relief of unhappiness or stress. Below this income level, respondents reported decreasing happiness and increasing sadness and stress, implying the pain of life’s misfortunes, including [[disease]], [[divorce]], and [[solitude|being alone]], is exacerbated by [[poverty]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Higher income improves life rating but not emotional well-being|url=http://www.physorg.com/news203060471.html|publisher=PhysOrg.com|accessdate=20 September 2010|date=7 September 2010}}</ref>

==Liveability==
The term ''quality of life'' is also used by politicians and economists to measure the liveability of a given city or nation. Two widely known measures of liveability are the [[Economist Intelligence Unit|Economist Intelligence Unit's]] [[quality-of-life index]] and [[world's most livable cities|Mercer's Quality of Living Reports]]. These two measures calculate the liveability of countries and cities around the world, respectively, through a combination of [[Subjectivity|subjective]] life-satisfaction surveys and [[objectivity (science)|objective]] determinants of quality of life such as divorce rates, safety, and infrastructure. Such measures relate more broadly to the population of a city, state, or country, not to individual quality of life.

===Crimes===
Some crimes against property (e.g., graffiti and vandalism) and some "[[victimless crimes]]" have been referred to as "quality-of-life crimes." American [[sociologist]] [[James Q. Wilson]] encapsulated this argument as the [[Broken Window Theory]], which asserts that relatively minor problems left unattended (such as public urination by [[homeless]] individuals, open alcohol containers and public [[Alcoholic beverage|alcohol consumption]]) send a [[subliminal message]] that disorder in general is being tolerated, and as a result, more serious crimes will end up being committed (the analogy being that a broken window left unrepaired shows an image of general dilapidation). Wilson's theories have been used to justify the implementation of [[zero tolerance]] policies by many prominent American [[mayor]]s, most notably [[Oscar Goodman]] in [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]], [[Richard Riordan]] in [[Los Angeles]], [[Rudolph Giuliani]] in [[New York City]] and [[Gavin Newsom]] in [[San Francisco]]. Such policies do not tolerate even minor crimes, it is argued, in order to improve the quality of life of local residents. However, critics of zero tolerance policies believe that such policies neglect investigation on a case-by-case basis and may lead to unreasonably harsh penalties for crimes.

===Popsicle index===
The Popsicle Index is a quality of life measurement coined by [[Catherine Austin Fitts]] as the percentage of people in a community who believe that a child in their community can safely leave their home, walk to the nearest possible location to buy a [[popsicle]], and walk back to their homes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://solari.com/about/popsicle_index.html|title=Understanding the Popsicle Index|last=Fitts|first=Catherine Austin|work=SolariF|accessdate=2009-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-133984989.html|title=To lick crime, pass the Popsicle test|date=July 9, 2005|work=The Virginian-Pilot|accessdate=2009-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sentienttimes.com/06/dec_jan_06/popsicle.html|title=Money in a Popsicle-Friendly World|last=Darling|first=John|date=January 2006|work=Sentient Times|accessdate=2009-06-10}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
{{main | Quality of life (healthcare)}}
Within the field of healthcare, quality of life is often regarded in terms of how it is negatively affected, on an individual level, a debilitating illness that is not life-threatening, life-threatening illness that is not terminal, terminal illness, the predictable, natural decline in the health of an elder, an unforeseen mental/physical decline of a loved one, chronic, end-stage disease processes. Researchers at the University of Toronto's Quality of Life Research Unit define quality of life as “The degree to which a person enjoys the important possibilities of his or her life” (UofT). Their Quality of Life Model is based on the categories “being”, “belonging”, and “becoming”, respectively who one is, how one is connected to one's environment, and whether one achieves one's personal goals, hopes, and aspirations.<ref>{{cite web | title = Quality of Life: How Good is Life for You? | publisher = University of Toronto Quality of Life Research Unit | url = http://www.utoronto.ca/qol/ | accessdate = October 14, 2009}}</ref><ref>http://www.qualityoflifecare.com/?page_id=50</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bhutan]] - a country that uses "[[Gross National Happiness]]" as a primary measure of success
* [[Creative Cities]]
* [[Genuine Progress Indicator]] - A proposed alternative to [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]
* [[Great Transition]]
* [[Happiness]]
* [[Journal of Business Ethics]]
* [[Quality of working life]] - a core subcategorisation affecting Quality of life, drawing upon research which identifies some of the key factors that contribute to an individual's overall experience.
* [[Self-Perceived Quality of Life Scale]]
* [[Social Indicators Research]]

==Referencias==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Enlaces Externos ==
* The First European Quality of Life Survey 2003 [http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/pubdocs/2004/105/en/1/ef04105en.pdf]
* [http://projectquality.org Quality of Life in a Changing Europe], A research project on the quality of lives and work of European citizens
* ''Ensuring quality of life in Europe's cities and towns'' [http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/quality-of-life-in-Europes-cities-and-towns], [[European Environment Agency]]
*[http://www.aqol.com.au AQoL Instruments], Quality of Life Assessment Instruments - Centre for Health Economics, Monash University Australia
* [http://www.springer.com/11482 Applied Research in Quality of Life], the official journal of the International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies
* [http://www.springer.com/12187 Child Indicators Research], the official journal of the International Society for Child Indicators
* [http://www.springer.com/11136 Quality of Life Research], an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care, and rehabilitation - official journal of the International Society of Quality of Life Research
* [http://www.ids.ac.uk/index.cfm?objectid=EF026493-9EB3-A306-2B2AE553F402DFEB After 2015: '3D Human Wellbeing'], policy briefing on the value of refocusing development on 3D human wellbeing for pro-poor policy change, from the Institute of Development Studies, UK.
* [http://www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm?idContent=1128060 Mercer Quality of Living survey ]
* [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1758-0854 Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being]

[[Category:Economía]]
[[Category:Indicadores]]

Calidad de Vida - Historial de revisiones

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