Índice de Desarrollo Humano - Historial de revisiones

Villavec en 18:30 1 sep 2012

2012-09-01T18:30:42Z

@@ Línea 23: / Línea 23: @@
 El Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) asi representa la suma uniformamente ponderada con ⅓ contribuida por cada uno de los indices factores:
-* [[Índice de Experanza de Vida]] = <math>\frac{LE - 25} {85-25}</math>
+* [[Índice de Esperanza de Vida]] = <math>\frac{LE - 25} {85-25}</math>
 * [[Índice de Educación]] = <math>\frac{2} {3} \times ALI + \frac{1} {3} \times GEI</math>
 ** [[Índice de Alfabetismo Adulto]] = <math>\frac{ALR - 0} {100 - 0}</math>
 ** [[Índice Groso de Matriculación]] = <math>\frac{CGER - 0} {100 - 0}</math>
 * [[PIB]] = <math>\frac{\log\left(GDPpc\right) - \log\left(100\right)} {\log\left(40000\right) - \log\left(100\right)}</math>
 ==Críticas==

Villavec en 19:02 12 nov 2010

2010-11-12T19:02:41Z

← Revisión anterior		Revisión del 19:02 12 nov 2010
Línea 11:		Línea 11:
	*Conocimiento y educación, medido por la tasa de [[alfabetismo]] de adultos (con un peso de dos-tercios) y el [[racio de matriculación groso]] de educación primaria, secundaria y terciaria (con un peso de un-tercio).		*Conocimiento y educación, medido por la tasa de [[alfabetismo]] de adultos (con un peso de dos-tercios) y el [[racio de matriculación groso]] de educación primaria, secundaria y terciaria (con un peso de un-tercio).
	*El [[estándar de vida]], indicado por el [[logaritmo natural]] del [[producto interno bruto]] [[per capita]] al nivel de poder de paridad de compras.		*El [[estándar de vida]], indicado por el [[logaritmo natural]] del [[producto interno bruto]] [[per capita]] al nivel de poder de paridad de compras.

			También en 2010, se incluyó una medición adicional, el [[índice de desigualdad de género]], una medida compuesta que refleja la desigualdad entre mujeres y varones en tres dimensiones: [[salud reproductiva]], empoderamiento y [[mercado laboral]].

	==Metodología==		==Metodología==

Villavec en 15:55 12 nov 2010

2010-11-12T15:55:12Z

← Revisión anterior		Revisión del 15:55 12 nov 2010
Línea 41:		Línea 41:

	==Colombia==		==Colombia==
	Colombia ocupa el puesto 79 de 182 en el Índice de Desarrollo Humano para el año 2010, cayendo 2 puestos frente al 2009 con respecto a otros países, pero mejorando ligeramente sus puntajes. ~~(citar~~ "2010 Human development Report". United Nations Development Programme. pp. 148-151. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete.pdf. Retrieved 4 November 2010. ) Esto lo ubica entre los países en desarrollo de alto rango.		Colombia ocupa el puesto 79 de 182 en el Índice de Desarrollo Humano para el año 2010, cayendo 2 puestos frente al 2009 con respecto a otros países, pero mejorando ligeramente sus puntajes. <ref> "2010 Human development Report". United Nations Development Programme. pp. 148-151. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete.pdf. Retrieved 4 November 2010.</ref> Esto lo ubica entre los países en desarrollo de alto rango.

	==Referencias==		==Referencias==

Villavec en 15:52 12 nov 2010

2010-11-12T15:52:24Z

← Revisión anterior		Revisión del 15:52 12 nov 2010
Línea 39:		Línea 39:

	Pocos autores han propuesto indices alternativos para responder a algunos de los problemas del índice.<ref>[http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/10005622/abstract Farhad Noorbakhsh, "The human development index: some technical issues and alternative indices", ''Journal of International Development'', Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 589 - 605, Dec. 1998.]</ref> Sin embargo, de las alternativas propuestas del IDH, pocas han producido alternativas cubriendo tantos paises, y ningún índice de desarrollo (aparte del PIB per capita) ha sido utilizado tan extensivamente - o efectivamente, en discusiones y planeación de desarrollo, tal como el IDH.		Pocos autores han propuesto indices alternativos para responder a algunos de los problemas del índice.<ref>[http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/10005622/abstract Farhad Noorbakhsh, "The human development index: some technical issues and alternative indices", ''Journal of International Development'', Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 589 - 605, Dec. 1998.]</ref> Sin embargo, de las alternativas propuestas del IDH, pocas han producido alternativas cubriendo tantos paises, y ningún índice de desarrollo (aparte del PIB per capita) ha sido utilizado tan extensivamente - o efectivamente, en discusiones y planeación de desarrollo, tal como el IDH.

			==Colombia==
			Colombia ocupa el puesto 79 de 182 en el Índice de Desarrollo Humano para el año 2010, cayendo 2 puestos frente al 2009 con respecto a otros países, pero mejorando ligeramente sus puntajes. (citar "2010 Human development Report". United Nations Development Programme. pp. 148-151. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete.pdf. Retrieved 4 November 2010. ) Esto lo ubica entre los países en desarrollo de alto rango.

	==Referencias==		==Referencias==
Línea 45:		Línea 48:
	==Links Externos==		==Links Externos==
	* [http://hdr.undp.org/esp/ Informe de Desarrollo Humano]		* [http://hdr.undp.org/esp/ Informe de Desarrollo Humano]
	* [http://hdr.undp.org/~~esp~~/~~statistics~~/ Human Development Index - Updated Country Rankings ~~(Dec. 2008)~~]		* [http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete.pdf Human Development Index - Updated Country Rankings 2010]
	* {{PDFlink\|[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_tech_note_1.pdf Technical note explaining the definition of the HDI]\|5.54 MB}}		* {{PDFlink\|[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_tech_note_1.pdf Technical note explaining the definition of the HDI]\|5.54 MB}}
	* [http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/eco_hum_dev_ind List of countries by HDI at NationMaster.com]		* [http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/eco_hum_dev_ind List of countries by HDI at NationMaster.com]

Villavec en 03:23 12 jul 2010

2010-07-12T03:23:22Z

← Revisión anterior		Revisión del 03:23 12 jul 2010
Línea 49:		Línea 49:
	* [http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/eco_hum_dev_ind List of countries by HDI at NationMaster.com]		* [http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/eco_hum_dev_ind List of countries by HDI at NationMaster.com]
	* [http://explomap.free.fr/?p=1 Mapa de Desarrollo Humano]		* [http://explomap.free.fr/?p=1 Mapa de Desarrollo Humano]

			[[Categoría:Indicador]]
			[[Categoría:Metodología]]

Villavec en 02:20 13 jun 2010

2010-06-13T02:20:38Z

← Revisión anterior		Revisión del 02:20 13 jun 2010
Línea 40:		Línea 40:
	Pocos autores han propuesto indices alternativos para responder a algunos de los problemas del índice.<ref>[http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/10005622/abstract Farhad Noorbakhsh, "The human development index: some technical issues and alternative indices", ''Journal of International Development'', Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 589 - 605, Dec. 1998.]</ref> Sin embargo, de las alternativas propuestas del IDH, pocas han producido alternativas cubriendo tantos paises, y ningún índice de desarrollo (aparte del PIB per capita) ha sido utilizado tan extensivamente - o efectivamente, en discusiones y planeación de desarrollo, tal como el IDH.		Pocos autores han propuesto indices alternativos para responder a algunos de los problemas del índice.<ref>[http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/10005622/abstract Farhad Noorbakhsh, "The human development index: some technical issues and alternative indices", ''Journal of International Development'', Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 589 - 605, Dec. 1998.]</ref> Sin embargo, de las alternativas propuestas del IDH, pocas han producido alternativas cubriendo tantos paises, y ningún índice de desarrollo (aparte del PIB per capita) ha sido utilizado tan extensivamente - o efectivamente, en discusiones y planeación de desarrollo, tal como el IDH.

			==Referencias==

	==~~References~~==
	{{Reflist\|2}}		{{Reflist\|2}}

Villavec en 02:11 13 jun 2010

2010-06-13T02:11:28Z

Mostrar los cambios

Villavec en 01:43 13 jun 2010

2010-06-13T01:43:27Z

← Revisión anterior		Revisión del 01:43 13 jun 2010
Línea 13:		Línea 13:

	==Metodología==		==Metodología==
	La formula definiendo		La formula definiendo el IDH

	The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme ([[UNDP]])<ref>[http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/faq/question,68,en.html Definition, Calculator, etc. at UNDP site]</ref>		The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme ([[UNDP]])<ref>[http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/faq/question,68,en.html Definition, Calculator, etc. at UNDP site]</ref>

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2010-06-13T01:42:51Z

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El '''Índice de Desarrollo Humano''' ('''IDH''') es una estadística compuesta utilizada para ranquear los paises por nivel de "[[desarrollo humano]]" y separar los [[paises desarrollados]], [[paises en desarrollo]] y [[paises subdesarrollados]]. La estadistica esta compuesta de datos sobre la [[esperanza de vida]], la [[educación]] y el [[PIB]] per capita (como un indicador de [[estándar de vida]]) recogido al nivel nacional utilizando la formula dada en la sección de metodología abajo.

==Origines del IDH ==
Los origenes del IDH están encontrados en el [[Informe de Desarrollo Humano]] del [[PNUD]]. Estos fueron desarrollados y lanzados por el ecónomista paquistaní Mahbub ul Haql en 1990 y tuvieron el propósito explícito de: "cambiar el enfoque del estudio del [[desarrollo económico]] desde la contabilidad de los ingresos nacionales hacia políticas enfocadas en las personas." <ref>Haq, Mahbub ul. 1995. Reflections on Human Development. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref>. Para poder producir estos informes, Haq juntó un grupo de economistas en desarrollo: incluyendo a Paul Streeten, Frances Stewart, Gustav Ranis, Keith Griffin, Sudhir Anand y Meghnad Desai. Pero fue el trabajo de Amartya Sen sobre las capacidades y funcionamientos que creó el marco conceptual principal. Haq estaba seguro que una medida compuesta sencilla fue necesario para poder convencer al público, los académicos y los políticos que pueden y deben evaluar el desarrollo no solamente a base de los avances económicos si no a base de las mejorías en el bienestar humano. Sen inicialmente se opuso a esta idea, pero siguió ayudando a Haq en su trabajo sobre el IDH. Sen tenía la preocupación de que sería difícil capturar la complejidad completa de las capacidades humanas en un solo índice pero Haq lo persuadió que solamente un número único cambiaría la atencion de los políticos desde una concentración en lo económico hacia el bienestar humano.<ref>Sakiko Fukuda-Parr The Human Development Paradigm: operationalizing Sen’s ideas on capabilities Feminist Economics 9(2 – 3), 2003, 301 – 317</ref><ref>United Nations Development Programme. 1999. Human Development Report 1999. New York:Oxford University Press.</ref>

El IDH ha sido utilizado desde 1990 por el [[PNUD]] para sus Informes de Desarrollo Humano.

== Tres dimensiones en el IDH ==
El IDH combina tres dimensiones:
*[[Esperanza de vida]] desde el nacer, como un índice de la salud y longevidad de la población
*Conocimiento y educación, medido por la tasa de [[alfabetismo]] de adultos (con un peso de dos-tercios) y el [[racio de matriculación groso]] de educación primaria, secundaria y terciaria (con un peso de un-tercio).
*El [[estándar de vida]], indicado por el [[logaritmo natural]] del [[producto interno bruto]] [[per capita]] al nivel de poder de paridad de compras.

==Metodología==
La formula definiendo

The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme ([[UNDP]])<ref>[http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/faq/question,68,en.html Definition, Calculator, etc. at UNDP site]</ref>
In general, to transform a raw [[Variable (mathematics)|variable]], say <math>x</math>, into a unit-free [[Index (economics)|index]] between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following [[formula]] is used:
* <math>x</math>-index = <math>\frac{x - \min\left(x\right)}{\max\left(x\right)-\min\left(x\right)}</math>

where <math>\min\left(x\right)</math> and <math>\max\left(x\right)</math> are the [[maxima and minima|lowest and highest values]] the variable <math>x</math> can attain, respectively.

The Human Development Index (HDI) then represents the uniformly weighted sum with ⅓ contributed by each of the following factor indices:
* [[Life Expectancy Index]] = <math>\frac{LE - 25} {85-25}</math>
* [[Education Index]] = <math>\frac{2} {3} \times ALI + \frac{1} {3} \times GEI</math>
** [[Adult Literacy Index]] (ALI) = <math>\frac{ALR - 0} {100 - 0}</math>
** [[Gross Enrollment Ratio|Gross Enrollment Index]] (GEI) = <math>\frac{CGER - 0} {100 - 0}</math>
* [[GDP]] = <math>\frac{\log\left(GDPpc\right) - \log\left(100\right)} {\log\left(40000\right) - \log\left(100\right)}</math>

==2009 report==
{{Main|List of countries by Human Development Index}}

The 2009 report was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to 2007. It was titled "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development". The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called "Very High Human Development". The report refers to these countries as "developed countries".<ref>http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf Human Development Report 2009[ (p. 171, 204)</ref> They are:

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
<ol>
<li>{{Flag|Norway}} 0.971 ({{increase}} 1)</li>
<li>{{Flag|Australia}} 0.970 ({{increase}} 2)</li>
<li>{{Flag|Iceland}} 0.969 ({{decrease}} 2)</li>
<li>{{Flag|Canada}} 0.966 ({{decrease}} 1)</li>
<li>{{Flag|Ireland}} 0.965 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li>{{Flag|Netherlands}} 0.964 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li>{{Flag|Sweden}} 0.963 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li>{{Flag|France}} 0.961 ({{increase}} 3)</li>
<li>{{Flag|Switzerland}} 0.960 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li>{{Flag|Japan}} 0.960 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li>{{Flag|Luxembourg}} 0.960 ({{decrease}} 3)</li>
<li>{{Flag|Finland}} 0.959 ({{increase}} 1)</li>
<li>{{Flag|United States}} 0.956 ({{decrease}} 1)</li>
</ol>

{{Col-break}}
<ol>
<li value="14"> {{Flag|Austria}} 0.955 ({{increase}} 2)</li>
<li>{{Flag|Spain}} 0.955 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li>{{Flag|Denmark}} 0.955 ({{decrease}} 2)</li>
<li>{{Flag|Belgium}} 0.953 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li>{{Flag|Italy}} 0.951 ({{increase}} 1)</li>
<li>{{Flag|Liechtenstein}} 0.951 ({{decrease}} 1)</li>
<li>{{Flag|New Zealand}} 0.950 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li>{{Flag|United Kingdom}} 0.947 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li>{{Flag|Germany}} 0.947 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li>{{Flag|Singapore}} 0.944 ({{increase}} 1)</li>
<li>{{Flag|Hong Kong}} 0.944 ({{decrease}} 1)</li>
<li>{{Flag|Greece}} 0.942 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li>{{Flag|South Korea}} 0.937 ({{Steady}})</li>
</ol>

{{Col-break}}
<ol>
<li value="27"> {{Flag|Israel}} 0.935 ({{increase}} 1)</li>
<li>{{Flag|Andorra}} 0.934 ({{decrease}} 1)</li>
<li>{{Flag|Slovenia}} 0.929 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li>{{Flag|Brunei}} 0.920 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li>{{Flag|Kuwait}} 0.916 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li>{{Flag|Cyprus}} 0.914 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li>{{Flag|Qatar}} 0.910 ({{increase}} 1)</li>
<li>{{Flag|Portugal}} 0.909 ({{decrease}} 1)</li>
<li>{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}} 0.903 ({{increase}} 2)</li>
<li>{{Flag|Czech Republic}} 0.903 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li>{{Flag|Barbados}} 0.903 ({{increase}} 2)</li>
<li>{{Flag|Malta}} 0.902 ({{decrease}} 3)</li>
</ol>
{{Col-end}}

In this report, five countries were promoted from the "medium" category to the "high development" category: [[Grenada]], [[Peru]], [[Colombia]], [[Turkey]], and [[Lebanon]]. Furthermore [[Angola]], [[Lesotho]], [[Uganda]] and [[Nigeria]] left the "low" category and are now in the "medium" group.

===Countries not included===
The following nations are not ranked in the 2009 Human Development Index, for being non-UN member, unable, or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication. {{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}

'''[[Africa]]'''
* {{ZIM}}
{{Col-break}}

'''[[Asia]]'''
* {{IRQ}}
* {{PRK}}
* {{TWN}}
{{Col-break}}

'''[[Europe]]'''
* {{MON}}
* {{SMR}}
* {{VAT}}
{{Col-break}}

'''[[Oceania]]'''
* {{FIJ}}
* {{KIR}}
* {{MHL}}
* {{Flag|Micronesia}}
* {{NRU}}
* {{PLW}}
* {{TUV}}
{{Col-end}}

==2008 statistical update==
{{Main|List of countries by Human Development Index}}

A new index was released on December 18, 2008. This so-called "statistical update" covers the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying report on human development. The update is relevant due to newly released estimates of [[purchasing power parity|purchasing power parities]] (PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many countries, resulting in changes in HDI values and, in many cases, HDI ranks.<ref name="2008SU">[http://hdr.undp.org/en/mediacentre/news/title,15493,en.html News - Human Development Reports (UNDP)]</ref>

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
<ol>
<li> {{ISL}} 0.968 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li> {{NOR}} 0.968 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li> {{CAN}} 0.967 ({{increase}} 1)</li>
<li> {{AUS}} 0.965 ({{decrease}} 1)</li>
<li> {{IRL}} 0.960 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li> {{NLD}} 0.958 ({{increase}} 3)</li>
<li> {{SWE}} 0.958 ({{decrease}} 1)</li>
<li> {{JPN}} 0.956 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li> {{LUX}} 0.956 ({{increase}} 9)</li>
<li> {{SUI}} 0.955 ({{decrease}} 3)</li>
<li> {{FRA}} 0.955 ({{decrease}} 1)</li>
</ol>

{{Col-break}}
<ol>
<li value="12"> {{FIN}} 0.954 ({{decrease}} 1)</li>
<li> {{DEN}} 0.952 ({{increase}} 1)</li>
<li> {{AUT}} 0.951 ({{increase}} 1)</li>
<li> {{USA}} 0.950 ({{decrease}} 3)</li>
<li> {{ESP}} 0.949 ({{decrease}} 3)</li>
<li> {{BEL}} 0.948 ({{decrease}} 1)</li>
<li> {{GRC}} 0.947 ({{increase}} 6)</li>
<li> {{ITA}} 0.945 ({{increase}} 1)</li>
<li> {{NZL}} 0.944 ({{decrease}} 1)</li>
<li> {{UK}} 0.942 ({{decrease}} 4)</li>
<li> {{HKG}} 0.942 ({{decrease}} 1)</li>
</ol>

{{Col-break}}
<ol>
<li value="23"> {{GER}} 0.940 ({{decrease}} 1)</li>
<li> {{ISR}} 0.930 ({{decrease}} 1)</li>
<li> {{KOR}} 0.928 ({{increase}} 1)</li>
<li> {{SLO}} 0.923 ({{increase}} 1)</li>
<li> {{BRU}} 0.919 ({{increase}} 3)</li>
<li> {{SIN}} 0.918 ({{decrease}} 3)</li>
<li> {{KUW}} 0.912 ({{increase}} 4)</li>
<li> {{CYP}} 0.912 ({{decrease}} 2)</li>
<li> {{UAE}} 0.903 ({{increase}} 8)</li>
<li> {{BHR}} 0.902 ({{increase}} 9)</li>
<li> {{POR}} 0.900 ({{decrease}} 4)</li>
</ol>
{{Col-end}}

===Countries not included===
The following nations are not ranked in the 2008 Human Development Index, for being non-UN member, unable, or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication.
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}

'''[[Africa]]'''
* {{SOM}}
* {{ZIM}}
{{Col-break}}

'''[[Asia]]'''
* {{TWN}}
{{Col-break}}

'''[[Europe]]'''
* {{AND}}
* {{LIE}}
* {{MON}}
* {{SMR}}
* {{VAT}}
{{Col-break}}

'''[[Oceania]]'''
* {{KIR}}
* {{MHL}}
* {{Flag|Micronesia}}
* {{NRU}}
* {{PLW}}
* {{TUV}}
{{Col-end}}

==2007/2008 report==
The report for 2007/2008 was launched in [[Brasilia]], [[Brazil]], on November 27, 2007. Its focus was on "Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world."<ref>[http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2007-2008/ HDR 2007/2008 - Human Development Reports (UNDP)]</ref> Most of the data used for the report are derived largely from 2005 or earlier, thus indicating an HDI for 2005. Not all [[United Nations member states|UN member states]] choose to or are able to provide the necessary statistics.

The report showed a small increase in world HDI in comparison with last year's report. This rise was fueled by a general improvement in the [[developing countries|developing world]], especially of the [[least developed countries]] group. This marked improvement at the bottom was offset with a decrease in HDI of [[high income countries]].

A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent "low development". All 22 countries in that category are located in [[Africa]]. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, [[Gabon]] and [[South Africa]], are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the "medium development" group.

A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent "high development". This includes all [[developed countries]], such as those in [[North America]], [[Western Europe]], [[Oceania]], and [[Eastern Asia]], as well as some [[developing countries]] in [[Eastern Europe]], [[Central and South America]], [[Southeast Asia]], the [[Caribbean]], and the oil-rich [[Arabian Peninsula]]. Seven countries were promoted to this category this year, leaving the "medium development" group: [[Albania]], [[Belarus]], [[Brazil]], [[Libya]], [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[Russia]] and [[Saudi Arabia]].

On the following table, green arrows ({{increase}}) represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows ({{decrease}}) represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes ({{Steady}}) represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study.{{-}}

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
<ol>
<li> {{ISL}} 0.968 ({{increase}} 1)</li>
<li> {{NOR}} 0.968 ({{decrease}} 1)</li>
<li> {{AUS}} 0.962 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li> {{CAN}} 0.961 ({{increase}} 2)</li>
<li> {{IRL}} 0.959 ({{decrease}} 1)</li>
<li> {{SWE}} 0.956 ({{decrease}} 1)</li>
<li> {{SUI}} 0.955 ({{increase}} 2)</li>
<li> {{JPN}} 0.953 ({{decrease}} 1)</li>
<li> {{NLD}} 0.953 ({{increase}} 1)</li>
<li> {{FRA}} 0.952 ({{increase}} 6)</li>
</ol>

{{Col-break}}
<ol>
<li value="11"> {{FIN}} 0.952 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li> {{USA}} 0.951 ({{decrease}} 4)</li>
<li> {{ESP}} 0.949 ({{increase}} 6)</li>
<li> {{DEN}} 0.949 ({{increase}} 1)</li>
<li> {{AUT}} 0.948 ({{decrease}} 1)</li>
<li> {{BEL}} 0.946 ({{decrease}} 4)</li>
<li> {{UK}} 0.946 ({{increase}} 1)</li>
<li> {{LUX}} 0.944 ({{decrease}} 6)</li>
<li> {{NZL}} 0.943 ({{increase}} 1)</li>
<li> {{ITA}} 0.941 ({{decrease}} 3)</li>

</ol>

{{Col-break}}
<ol>
<li value="21"> {{HKG}} 0.937 ({{increase}} 1)</li>
<li> {{GER}} 0.935 ({{increase}} 1)</li>
<li> {{ISR}} 0.932 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li> {{GRC}} 0.926 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li> {{SIN}} 0.922 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li> {{KOR}} 0.921 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li> {{SLO}} 0.917 ({{Steady}})</li>
<li> {{CYP}} 0.903 ({{increase}} 1)</li>
<li> {{POR}} 0.897 ({{decrease}} 1)</li>
<li> {{BRU}} 0.894 ({{increase}} 4)</li>
</ol>

{{Col-end}}

==Past top countries==
The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the index. [[Canada]] has been ranked the highest eight times, followed by [[Norway]] at seven times. [[Japan]] has been ranked highest three times and [[Iceland]] twice.

===In each original report===
The year represents when the report was published. In parentheses is the year for which the index was calculated.
{|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
* 2009 (2007)–{{Flagcountry| Norway}}
* 2008 (2006)–{{Flagcountry|Iceland}}
* 2007 (2005)–{{Flagcountry|Iceland}}
* 2006 (2004)–{{Flagcountry|Norway}}
* 2005 (2003)–{{Flagcountry|Norway}}
* 2004 (2002)–{{Flagcountry|Norway}}
* 2003 (2001)–{{Flagcountry|Norway}}
| width="50px" |
|
* 2002 (2000)–{{Flagcountry|Norway}}
* 2001 (1999)–{{Flagcountry|Norway}}
* 2000 (1998)–{{Flagcountry|Canada}}
* 1999 (1997)–{{Flagcountry|Canada}}
* 1998 (1995)–{{Flagcountry|Canada}}
* 1997 (1994)–{{Flagcountry|Canada}}
* 1996 (1993)–{{Flagcountry|Canada}}
| width="50px" |
|
* 1995 (1992)–{{Flagcountry|Canada}}
* 1994 (????)–{{Flagcountry|Canada}}
* 1993 (????)–{{Flagcountry|Japan}}
* 1992 (1990)–{{Flagcountry|Canada}}
* 1991 (1990)–{{Flagcountry|Japan}}
* 1990 (????)–{{Flagcountry|Japan}}
|}

===2009 revision===
The 2009 Report calculated HDIs for past years using a consistent methodology and data series. They are not strictly comparable with those in earlier Human Development Reports. The index was calculated using data pertaining to the year shown.

{|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|
* 2007–{{Flagcountry|Iceland}}
* 2006–{{Flagcountry|Norway}}
* 2005–{{Flagcountry|Norway}}
* 2000–{{Flagcountry|Canada}}
| width="50px" |
|
* 1995–{{Flagcountry|Canada}}
* 1990–{{Flagcountry|Canada}}
* 1985–{{Flagcountry|Canada}}
* 1980–{{Flagcountry|Canada}}
|}

==Criticisms==
The Human Development Index has been criticised on a number of grounds, including failure to include any [[ecological]] considerations, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, and not paying much attention to development from a global perspective. Two authors claimed that the human development reports "have lost touch with their original vision and the index fails to capture the essence of the world it seeks to portray".<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VDY-3T88FV2-3&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=66e664a888f1499d4cce3070424d80cb Ambuj D. Sagara, Adil Najam, "The human development index: a critical review", ''Ecological Economics'', Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 249-264, June 1998].</ref> The index has also been criticized as "redundant" and a "reinvention of the wheel", measuring aspects of development that have already been exhaustively studied.<ref>McGillivray, Mark, "The human development index: yet another redundant composite development indicator?", ''World Development'', Vol. 19, No. 10, pp. 1461-1468, Oct. 1991.</ref><ref>[http://ideas.repec.org/a/aea/aecrev/v84y1994i2p238-43.html T.N. Srinivasan "Human Development: A New Paradigm or Reinvention of the Wheel?", ''American Economic Review'', Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 238-243, May 1994.]</ref> The index has further been criticised for having an inappropriate treatment of income, lacking year-to-year comparability, and assessing development differently in different groups of countries.<ref>[http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/113467792/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 Mark McGillivray, Howard White, "Measuring development? The UNDP's human development index", ''Journal of International Development'', Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 183-192, Nov, 2006.]</ref>

[[Economist]] [[Bryan Caplan]] has criticised the way scores in each of the three components are bounded between zero and one, so rich countries effectively cannot improve their ranking in certain categories, even though there is a lot of scope for economic growth and longevity left. "This effectively means that a country of immortals with infinite per-capita GDP would get a score of .666 (lower than South Africa and Tajikistan) if its population were illiterate and never went to school."<ref name="CaplanEconLog">[http://econlog.econlib.org/archives/2009/05/against_the_hum.html Against the Human Development Index] Comment Posted Posted May 22, 2009, Bryan Caplan - Library of Economics and Liberty</ref> He argues, "Scandinavia comes out on top according to the HDI because the HDI is basically a measure of how Scandinavian your country is."<ref name="CaplanEconLog" />

The HDI has been criticised as a redundant measure that adds little to the value of the individual measures composing it; as a means to provide legitimacy to arbitrary weightings of a few aspects of social development; as a number producing a relative ranking which is useless for inter-temporal comparisons, and difficult to compare a country's progress or regression because the HDI for a country in a given year depends on the levels of, say, life expectancy or GDP per capita of other countries in that year.<ref>Rao VVB, 1991. Human development report 1990: review and assessment. World Development, Vol 19 No. 10, pp. 1451–1460.</ref><ref>McGillivray M. The Human Development Index: Yet Another Redundant Composite Development Indicator? World Development, 1991, vol 18, no. 10:1461-1468.</ref><ref>Hopkins M. Human development revisited: A new UNDP report. World Development, 1991. vol 19, no. 10, 1461-1468.</ref><ref>Tapia Granados JA. Algunas ideas críticas sobre el índice de desarrollo humano. Boletín de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana, 1995 Vol 119, No. 1, pp. 74-87.</ref> However, each year, [[List of countries by Human Development Index|UN member states are listed and ranked]] according to the computed HDI. If high, the rank in the list can be easily used as a means of national aggrandizement; alternatively, if low, it can be used to highlight national insufficiencies. Using the HDI as an absolute index of social welfare, some authors have used panel HDI data to measure the impact of economic policies on [[quality of life]].<ref>[http://www.business.duq.edu/faculty/davies/research/hdi.pdf Davies, A. and G. Quinlivan (2006), A Panel Data Analysis of the Impact of Trade on Human Development, Journal of Socioeconomics]</ref>

[[Ratan Lal Basu]] criticises the HDI concept from a completely different angle. According to him the [[Amartya Sen]]-[[Mahbub ul Haq]] concept of HDI considers that provision of material amenities alone would bring about Human Development, but Basu opines that Human Development in the true sense should embrace both material and moral development. According to him human development based on HDI alone, is similar to dairy farm economics to improve dairy farm output. To quote: ‘So human development effort should not end up in amelioration of material deprivations alone: it must undertake to bring about spiritual and moral development to assist the biped to become truly human.’<ref>http://www.international-relations.com/CM6-2WB/HDI-Ancient-India.htm</ref> For example, a high [[Epidemiology of suicide|suicide rate]] would bring the index down.

A few authors have proposed alternative indices to address some of the index's shortcomings.<ref>[http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/10005622/abstract Farhad Noorbakhsh, "The human development index: some technical issues and alternative indices", ''Journal of International Development'', Vol. 10, No. 5, pp. 589 - 605, Dec. 1998.]</ref> However, of those proposed alternatives to the HDI, few have produced alternatives covering so many countries, and that no development index (other than, perhaps, Gross Domestic Product per capita) has been used so extensively - or effectively, in discussions and developmental planning as the HDI.

However, there has been one lament about the HDI that has resulted in an alternative index: David Hastings, of the [[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific]] published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, where the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies.<ref>[http://www.unescap.org/publications/detail.asp?id=1308 Hastings, David A. (2009) Filling Gaps in the Human Development Index. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Working Paper WP/09/02]</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Sustainable development}}
* [[Education Index]]
* [[Democracy Index]]
* [[Freedom House]]
* [[Legatum Prosperity Index]]
* [[Gini coefficient]]
* [[Gender Parity Index]]
* [[Gender-related Development Index]]
* [[Gender Empowerment Measure]]
* [[Living Planet Index]]
* [[Gross national happiness]]
* [[Happy Planet Index]]
* [[Physical quality-of-life index]]
* [[Human development (humanity)]]
* [[American Human Development Report]]
* [[Child Development Index]]
* [[Satisfaction with Life Index]]
* [[Genuine progress indicator]]

'''Lists:'''
* [[List of countries by Human Development Index]]
* [[List of African countries by Human Development Index]]
* [[List of Argentine provinces by Human Development Index]]
* [[List of Brazilian states by Human Development Index]]
* [[List of Chinese administrative divisions by HDI|List of Chinese administrative divisions by Human Development Index]]
* [[List of European countries by Human Development Index]]
* [[List of Indian states by Human Development Index]]
* [[List of Latin American countries by Human Development Index]]
* [[List of Mexican states by Human Development Index]]
* [[List of Philippine provinces by HDI|List of Philippine provinces by Human Development Index]]
* [[List of Russian federal subjects by HDI]]
* [[List of U.S. states by Human Development Index]]
* [[Ranked list of Venezuelan states#By human development index|List of Venezuelan states by Human Development Index]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://hdr.undp.org/en/ Human Development Report]
* [http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ Human Development Index - Updated Country Rankings (Dec. 2008)]
* {{PDFlink|[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_20072008_tech_note_1.pdf Technical note explaining the definition of the HDI]|5.54 MB}}
* [http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/eco_hum_dev_ind List of countries by HDI at NationMaster.com]
* [http://explomap.free.fr/?p=1 Human Development Map]
*[http://www.thenation.com/doc/20090323/conley America Is # ... 15?] by Dalton Conley, ''The Nation'', March 4, 2009

{{Global economic classifications}}
{{Population country lists}}

[[Category:Human Development Index|*]]
[[Category:Lists of countries by international rankings]]

[[af:Menslike ontwikkelingsindeks]]
[[ar:مؤشر التنمية البشرية]]
[[az:İnsan İnkişafı İndeksi]]
[[bn:মানব উন্নয়ন সূচক]]
[[bar:Human Development Index]]
[[bg:Индекс на човешко развитие]]
[[ca:Índex de Desenvolupament Humà]]
[[cs:Index lidského rozvoje]]
[[cy:Indecs Datblygiad Dynol]]
[[da:Human Development Index]]
[[de:Human Development Index]]
[[et:Inimarengu indeks]]
[[el:Δείκτης ανθρώπινης ανάπτυξης]]
[[es:Índice de desarrollo humano]]
[[eo:Indekso de homa disvolviĝo]]
[[eu:Giza Garapen Indizea]]
[[fa:شاخص توسعه انسانی]]
[[fr:Indice de développement humain]]
[[gl:Índice de Desenvolvemento Humano]]
[[ko:인간 개발 지수]]
[[hi:मानव विकास सूचकांक]]
[[hr:HDI]]
[[io:Indexo pri humana developeso]]
[[id:Indeks Pembangunan Manusia]]
[[is:Vísitala um þróun lífsgæða]]
[[it:Indice di sviluppo umano]]
[[he:מדד הפיתוח האנושי]]
[[ka:ადამიანის განვითარების ინდექსი]]
[[kk:Адам даму индексі]]
[[la:Index Evolutionis Humanae]]
[[lv:Tautas attīstības indekss]]
[[lt:Žmogaus socialinės raidos indeksas]]
[[jbo:remna kamfarvi namcu]]
[[hu:Emberi fejlettségi index]]
[[mk:Индекс на човековиот развој]]
[[ml:മാനവ വികസന സൂചിക]]
[[ms:Indeks Pembangunan Manusia]]
[[nl:Index van de menselijke ontwikkeling]]
[[ja:人間開発指数]]
[[no:HDI]]
[[nds:Human Development Index]]
[[pl:Wskaźnik Rozwoju Społecznego]]
[[pt:Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano]]
[[ro:Indicele dezvoltării umane]]
[[rmy:Indekso le manushutne baryaripnasko]]
[[ru:Индекс развития человеческого потенциала]]
[[sah:Киhи сайдыытын индекса]]
[[sq:Indeksi i zhvillimit njerëzor]]
[[simple:Human Development Index]]
[[sk:Index ľudského rozvoja]]
[[sl:Indeks človekovega razvoja]]
[[sr:Индекс хуманог развоја]]
[[sh:Indeks ljudskog razvoja]]
[[fi:Inhimillisen kehityksen indeksi]]
[[sv:Human Development Index]]
[[tl:Talatuntunan ng Kaunlaran ng Tao]]
[[ta:மனித வளர்ச்சிச் சுட்டெண்]]
[[th:ดัชนีการพัฒนามนุษย์]]
[[tr:İnsani Gelişme Endeksi]]
[[udm:Human development index]]
[[uk:Індекс розвитку людського потенціалу]]
[[ur:انسانی ترقیاتی اشاریہ]]
[[vi:Chỉ số phát triển con người]]
[[yi:מענטשליכע אנטוויקלונג אינדעקס]]
[[zh:人类发展指数]]